Principles for Implementing Duty of Care in Health Essay Example for Free

Standards for Implementing Duty of Care in Health Essay In my work I have an obligation of care to the youngsters I work with. This implies their wellbeing, security, prosperity and passionate improvement is my duty. For me to do this I follow organization strategies and techniques and when required look for exhortation from the fitting individuals. Ac3. Disclose where to get extra help and counsel about clashes and situations. While at work for any help I need I right off the bat will converse with the other individual from staff I am on move with. After that I may call a senior in the workplace or the out of hour’s obligation chief. On the off chance that issues are as yet not settled, at that point for the wellbeing of the youngster I may need to call the police contingent upon the circumstance. 054.3 Ac1. Portray how to react to objections. In the event that a yp needs to submit a question about anything my first activity is attempt and resolve the issue myself. After that it might need to go higher up to a senior or my supervisor, bombing that I would help the yp to fill in a grumbling structure and afterward hand it to the administrator who might then make the suitable move from thee. Ac2. Clarify the central matters of concurred techniques for dealing with protests. †¢ Minor/casual protests, for example, a yp griping about the dã ©cor in their room might be managed by staff verbally yet it despite everything must be recorded on a grumbling structure and gave to the activities administrator. A record will be submitted in the questions log. The grumbling will be managed in 14 days and a composed reaction will be given to the complainant with respect to the result. †¢ Serious grievances must be recorded inside two working days and be completely reacted to recorded as a hard copy. The objection must be given to the tasks chief who at that point ought to advise the overseeing executive of keys utilizing a protest referral structure. Every genuine objection must be settled inside 35 days. †¢ All genuine/composed grievances must be recorded quickly on a grumblings structure and in the focal protests document. They will be tallied and inspected on a month to month premise. The full examination subtleties will be documented in an individual examination record. †¢ The tasks supervisor must guarantee every single genuine protest are entered onto the week by week grumblings report by the assigned office. †¢ Any protest got remotely should be signed in the homes focal record and duplicates of any correspondence should likewise be held in the home. †¢ Copies of any correspondence and the completely finished reference section one must be sent to the grievances overseer at Rawtenstalll office who will guarantee the agenda id completely finished.

Mission vision free essay sample

I have been a medical attendant in the intense consideration setting for more than 9 years and because of the adjustments in human services I have chosen to seek after my expert objective in the piece of a Family nurture specialist; which will permit me give advance nursing care. So as to accomplish this objective, I need to propel my instruction, and Walden University has the ability to furnish me with data and aptitudes required to accomplishing my scholarly objective of graduating with a degree in Family nurture professional. Walden University vision and statement of purpose identify with me; since they have all the properties in making my fantasy work out. As per the University’s vision, they see a future with a network where abilities got are important to the qualification which graduates can apply to cultural difficulties. (Walden University, 2011, para. 1). Clearly the school will furnish me with the information and abilities important to propel my consideration giving in the territory of nursing. We will compose a custom article test on Strategic or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page This degree will permit me to serve and address the issue of people, and families all through their life expectancy. They likewise expressed in their strategic, the school will furnish an assortment of vocation experts with the capacity to change themselves as researcher specialists. This identify with me; on the grounds that, a degree in Family nurture specialist will set me up for the errand of encouraging positive changes in the intense consideration setting where I will be attempting to give tolerant consideration. Applying into Walden University School of Nursing (SON) was a stage in seeking after my fantasy. The SON vision said their program will be perceive as a supporter of nursing and wellbeing sciences which will get changes the manner in which medical attendants give care to people. This help my objective of getting a degree that elevates human services conveyance to people all through their life expectancy. Additionally, their statement of purpose said they give instruction that is carefully applicable to the instructive projects.. I am prepared for the scholarly work include in getting my propelled nursing degree. My principle reason for coming to Walden University is to seek after a scholarly objective of getting a degree in Family nurture specialist, which will permit me accomplish my expert objective of having the option to rehearse in an intense consideration setting. Additionally, the information and abilities gained, will to accelerate a positive change in my general vicinity of training. Walden University said they bolster â€Å"positive social change through the improvement of guideline, proficient, and moral researcher specialists, who are and will become metro and expert good examples by propelling the advancement of society. † I anticipate applying my new information to authorize a positive social change to those I give care, and furthermore at the intense consideration setting. As a Family nurture professional, I will exhibit the abilities got by giving the best wellbeing appraisals, direct consideration, remembering accentuation for anticipation and training all through people and families life expectancy. References Walden University. (2011). Vision, strategic, objectives. Recovered from http://index. waldenu. Walden University College of Health Sciences. (2012). About the school. Recovered from http://www. waldenu. edu/universities and-schools/school of-wellbeing sciences/15863. htm NURS 6001: Foundations of Graduate Study INITIAL POST Mission Vision and Personal Goals I have been a medical caretaker in the intense consideration setting for more than 9 years and because of the adjustments in social insurance I have chosen to seek after my expert objective in the piece of a Family nurture professional; which will permit me give advance nursing care. So as to accomplish this objective, I need to propel my instruction, and Walden University has the ability to give me data and aptitudes required to accomplishing my scholarly objective of graduating with a degree in Family nurture professional. Walden University vision and statement of purpose identify with me; since they have all the traits in making my fantasy work out. As indicated by the University’s vision, they see a future with a network where abilities acquired are significant to the qualification which graduates can apply to cultural difficulties. (Walden University, 2011, para. 1). Clearly the school will furnish me with the information and abilities important to propel my consideration giving in the zone of nursing. This degree will permit me to serve and address the issue of people, and families all through their life expectancy. They additionally expressed in their crucial, the school will furnish an assortment of vocation experts with the capacity to change themselves as researcher professionals.  This identify with me; in light of the fact that, a degree in Family nurture specialist will set me up for the errand of encouraging positive changes in the intense consideration setting where I will be attempting to give understanding consideration. Applying into Walden University School of Nursing (SON) was a stage in seeking after my fantasy. The SON vision said their program will be perceive as a supporter of nursing and wellbeing sciences which will get changes the manner in which medical attendants give care to people. (Walden University 2012, para. 3). This help my objective of getting a degree that elevates human services conveyance to people all through their life expectancy. Additionally, their statement of purpose said they give instruction that is carefully pertinent to the instructive projects.. I am prepared for the scholarly work include in getting my propelled nursing degree. My principle motivation behind coming to Walden University is to seek after a scholastic objective of getting a degree in Family nurture specialist, which will permit me accomplish my expert objective of having the option to rehearse in an intense consideration setting. Additionally, the information and aptitudes gained, will to encourage a positive change in my general vicinity of training. Walden University said they bolster â€Å"positive social change through the improvement of rule, learned, and moral researcher specialists, who are and will become municipal and proficient good examples by propelling the advancement of society. † . I anticipate applying my new information to uphold a positive social change to those I give care, and furthermore at the intense consideration setting. As a Family nurture professional, I will exhibit the aptitudes acquired by giving the best wellbeing appraisals, direct consideration, remembering accentuation for anticipation and training all through people and families life expectancy.

Exploring International Finance and Economic Policy (IFEP) COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Exploring International Finance and Economic Policy (IFEP) COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Oh, youre IFEP? You MUST be smart. IFEP? No, Im good after macro, no more for me. IFEP! Youre going to make so much money! These are just a sample of some of the statements one may hear as a SIPA student concentrating in the illustrious International Finance and Economic Policy, also known as  IFEP.  Im writing this to answer some common questions and give my general impression of the concentration (DISCLAIMER: I am still doing requirements for the concentration so Im currently taking International Trade and Theory of International Political Economy..both are fine.so far). (DISCLAIMER 2.0: Im going to use acronyms to make my life easier while typing this. At SIPA, we live in a world of acronyms.) The IFEP concentration has three main tracks: International Finance (IF), International Economic Policy (IEP) and Central Banking (CB).  A majority of the students in IFEP are split between IF and IEP, with a minority of people concentrating in CB. How good at math do you really have to be to succeed? It definitely helps to be good at math but in all honesty, I dont think Im that good at math, and I have been doing fine. However, I have experience in the quantitative and economic fields, so I am more comfortable with the material. It is still difficult for me and takes some time to grasp it, but I enjoy the challenge. Why did you choose to concentrate in IFEP? Economics was a weakness of mine in undergrad, and I chose IFEP to improve my understanding of economic theory and analysis skills. I wanted to change my weakness into a strength. I knew it was going to be a change of pace, but I got tired of dodging economics so I jumped in head-first. Plus, Im looking into infrastructure investment and development / political risk as potential career fields and strong economic skills can help in those areas. Do you have to come from finance to succeed in IFEP? Once again, it definitely helps but its not a must. Brushing up on key economic and financial concepts can go a long way to succeeding in IFEP. Ive seen people with not much quantitative experience do well in IFEP. They spent time going through the material and practicing the logic behind the theory. Is Quant scary? In the beginning it is, but once you get used to it and understand how it is used to evaluate policy outcomes, then it is not too bad. When you put in the effort, youll have that breakthrough moment when you finally understand a difficult topic. Its a deep dive into statistics and regressions which after about two months, most people get.

Crusoe’s Island as an Allegorical Expression of Locke’s...

Alexander Wilson Dr. Victoria Myers GSHU III 10 November 2011 Crusoe’s Island as an Allegorical Expression of Locke’s Theories on Property and Government Two prolific writers captured what was pressing to the economic and political zeitgeist of 18th century England. John Locke’s ideas on property influenced readers like Thomas Jefferson who would be a prolific politician involved in the founding of the United States. Locke’s views on an individual’s right to property is discussed in his Second Treatise of Government. But what also are compelling to readers at the time were issues of independence in regards to morality. Reading Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe, issues like these are discussed in a story about a prodigal son who becomes†¦show more content†¦Government retains consent so long as it protects individual’s rights, and most significantly an individual’s right to property. While in a state of nature, private property does not need to be protected, and a government is useless. When a government does not protect an individual’s property, it makes itself useless. So long as the accumulation of property does not harm other individuals or their freedom to accumulate property, it is morally justified to accumulate property. Locke believes that individuals who labor for their property justly own the rights to the property. Man also has the moral duty of not harming himself or others. Locke’s moral philosophy is one that is based on duty to your fellow man and to yourself. Locke recognizes that when land is left uncultivated or food is left to rot, those that possess them are not doing their duty and inflicting harm on others. When civil society is formed to protect an individual’s property, man gives consent to a just government if he feels that his right to property is protected. To Locke, individuals who labor have a right to sustain themselves and an economy is not morally justified unless it grants all laborers their rights to resources. An economy should be able to provide for all who labor in order for survival. People have the basic r ight to

The Titanic Was A Ship - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 405 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/07/29 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Titanic Essay Did you like this example? The Titanic was a ship created by Harland and Wolff Shipyard in Belfast. It was known as The Ship that could not be sunk. Many people believed this to the point that they had no fear to be on the ship, even in the winter. Unfortunately, she never lived up to the expectation. Some reasons she sunk was because it did not have Ice Patrol, enough lifeboats, or a reliable radio system. On April 10, 1912, the Titanic sailed into open waters headed from Southampton Ireland, to Western New York. It carried over 2,000 people who had all the faith in the world that she would get them to their destination. They had no idea how wrong they were. April 14, just 4 days later, the Titanic struck an iceberg. The Captain, Edward Smith, was drunk and asleep in his cabin that night. There was no one in the entire area to call for help. They were on their own, with limited lifeboats and definitely not much time to get enough people on board. Because of the limited life boats and a poor radio system, 1,503 people perished that day. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Titanic Was A Ship" essay for you Create order Next year I am going on a cruise to Mexico. They have updated several rules so that my family and I will be protected. Ice Patrol is now required for when any ship travels into the sea. An Ice Patrols job is to scout and monitor the ocean and locate any icebergs and movement with the sea. To go along with the Ice Patrol, sufficient lifeboats are now on each ship. The Titanics lifeboats could only hold 50% of its passengers. The law now requires that there has to be enough lifeboats for the entirety of the ships passengers. The last rule is Radio Control. Since this new law, ships now have to maintain constant communication with coastal ships so, that the ship is not lost or sunk like the Titanic was sunk. Even though the Titanic had its downfalls, it lets us know how important it is for ships to be prepared. If the Titanic was properly prepared with Ice Patrol, sufficient lifeboats, and Radio Control, there was a chance more people would have made it out alive. I can now get aboard a cruise ship without the fear of sinking because of the updated rules and procedures. This gives me great comfort on cruise ships because I know everyone will have my back, and they will have a reliable system.

The Necessity Of Responsible Parenting Free Essays

This is because, it is mostly true. For example, how does a person become sophisticated or fancy? How does someone become barbaric? How does someone become holy? Of course a sophisticated/fancy person grew up with sophisticated people (I. E. We will write a custom essay sample on The Necessity Of Responsible Parenting or any similar topic only for you Order Now , Mother, Father, Relatives etc.. ) and of course a barbaric person grew up with barbaric people and holy people grew up with other holy people. Imagine how can a fancy person grew up at the â€Å"squatters area† given the case that their family has trouble eating three times a day? Sure, it can be possible. But the odds of it to happen is unfavorable. Getting straight to the point, one of the factors that contributes to the child’s character reflects on how he is raised and his rounding’s. Now, how DOES responsible parenting help produce a successful child? According to the scientific researches, children often follow their parents’ behavior. Which means, that imitation is a fundamental part in the growing process Of a child because it is one Of the natural ways Of learning. Therefore if you’re a parent and you show him proper etiquette and good manners, the child will grow up into a well behaved individual. Another important influence of good parenting is that it promotes the academic success of students. After leaving pre-school or kindergarten, children approach an entirely new environment, the primary school. They must change their habit of playing whatever they want and whenever they want to an inevitable horrifying fate, which is the responsibility for studying well. At this very first stage, children integrate their studying method from the elder members in their family, like their mom or dad, when the child sees their mom and dad work hard because of the possibility that they mightn’t brought home some of their work, then the child will try to imitate that and may result to a better study habit, which really affects their results in the long future. All of these would exult in an excellent academic aftereffect. And the last but not the least, children would be healthier in account of their parents’ concern. The diet of children is mostly prepared by other family members. The way parent control various nutritious elements forms the children’s habit, which can hardly be changed. If they get familiar with a balanced diet, they may enjoy a healthy life style in the future. Besides, a good, loving and responsible parent would explain to their children the large importance of physical exercises and encourage them to do these beneficial things to stay fit and healthy for being lately will benefit them in the long run. After stating all of these, you the reader, what will you do now? How to cite The Necessity Of Responsible Parenting, Papers

Dimitri Mendeleev free essay sample

This paper discusses the life and contributions of Dimitri Mendeleev, the founder of the first Periodic Table of Elements. This paper looks at the life-long contributions that Dimitri Mendeleev made to the field of chemistry. The author details Mendeleevs personal and professional biography including his battle against childhood disease which almost cost him his life. His familys struggle to insure that he was able to study at a prestigious university and to overcome the poverty into which he had been born influenced his drive to constantly work and succeed in his chosen field. In 1869 Mendeleev constructed the first Periodic Table of Elements. He also authored many books in the field of chemistry and predicted the discovery of many different elements, as well as weights and measure. The author also notes his many contributions to the advancement of technology in Russia. Mendeleev was born in 1834 in Siberia. His family consisted of thirteen brothers and sisters, his mother and his father. We will write a custom essay sample on Dimitri Mendeleev or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The family was poor, his father eventually went deaf before he died, and yet Mendeleevs mother insisted that her youngest child further his education. He hitchhiked over 14,000 miles across Russia to Moscow, only to be turned down by the University of Moscow because he was from Siberia. His mother never gave up, and the two of them traveled to St. Petersburg where he trained and eventually became a Professor of inorganic chemistry at the University of. St. Petersburg. (Chang, 233) During his third year of study there, Mendeleev fell ill, and was bedridden for the next year. He kept up with his studies, and graduated on time, and received the medal of excellence for being first in his class. (Rumppe, Sixtus

Who is most responsible for the death of Eva Smith Essay Example For Students

Who is most responsible for the death of Eva Smith? Essay There are many issues presented by J. B. Priestley in An Inspector Calls. One of the main issues in the play is associated with the dramatic change of society and culture from the beginning of the 20th Century. J. B. Priestley cleverly hides this in the language of the characters in the play, in particular Mr. Birling and Inspector Goole. Mr. Birling and Inspector Goole can be split into two sides of society, socialism and capitalism. The Birlings are a rich middle class family with a high income generated by their own business. The older Birlings, Mr. and Mrs. Birling, are more directed to capitalism. This is clearly shown in their language. Early on, Priestley uses Mr. Birling to show dramatic irony and the smug complacency of Mr. Birling. This is done when Mr. Birling talks about the Titanic sailing soon. He emphasizes the words unsinkable as though he would know it would sink. The Titanic was a symbol of great power and authority; it showed just what we could achieve. We will write a custom essay on Who is most responsible for the death of Eva Smith? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Titanic was highly complex and its design was based upon the class system with poor, working class people at the bottom of the ship and the middle and upper classes at the top with access to the decks and luxurious restaurants. On its journey to America it tragically sank beneath the water killing over a thousand people. This symbolised the collapse of the hierarchy of the population projecting a future of more equality between everyone. Mr. Birling and Mrs. Birling along with many other elder middle class citizens thought that everything would stay the same forever and nothing will provoke any change. The elder citizens of the middle class had such a fixed attitude they would ignore or dismiss any claims of war or labour trouble. Arthur Birling crawled his way into the middle class from his childhood of working class. This has made him more aware of his position and his privileges. He also likes to make sure lower classes know he has his position and privileges. This is shown in the following quote, I was an alderman for years Lord Mayor years ago Im still on the Bench know Brumley police officers very well . At that time Mr. Birling trying to make the Inspector lose his power of high authority and intimidation over the Birlings and Gerald Croft. The older Birlings have a fixed attitude towards capitalism in society. This is because they live a life full of luxuries and large amounts of money and authority. When the Inspector says he does not play golf this reveals his class difference, the Inspector must be from a working class background as many middle and upper class people and only middle and upper people played golf at the beginning of the 20th Century. The Inspector acts and thinks in a different way to the older Birlings. The Inspector is much towards socialism in society. Socialism is when everyone should support each other and work equally with each other in a place where no one has any privileges over anyone else. In 1912, the middle classes obviously did not support this as they wanted to keep a sense of power and authority standing above the lower, working class families with a shadow that cover the working class in poverty and misery. His views are also shown in his language. Who is most responsible for the death of Eva Smith Essay Example For Students Who is most responsible for the death of Eva Smith Essay In my essay it will be necessary to look at how each character can be held to blame, the kind of crime committed, the girl herself and, most importantly, why Priestley wants us to think about who is responsible. To answer the question now, I will say briefly, that you cannot exonerate any character, however contrite they may be. I also dont think you can hold any character more responsible than another because I believe that it is the sum of each persons actions which presents the insurmountable obstacles from which there is no way out other that suicide. I dont think Priestley meant for us to hold individuals to different degrees of responsibility but rather hold society collectively responsible. To understand what is happening in the play we firstly have to understand what was happening in 1912. During the Industrial Revolution there were technical and industrial advances, which gave more power to the industrialists. This was taken from the landowners that had previously wielded power through agriculture. Society was much changed. Because of the new power of industrialism, people flocked form the countryside to the cities, creating the new urban working class of which Eva Smith was a member. Their workplaces were notorious for poor safety, inhumane working conditions and low wages. Capitalism was prevalent among the middle and upper classes. Capitalism is the theory of private ownership. The government, allowing owners of businesses, such as Birlings, to make huge profits, adopted a policy of Laissez-faire. Socialists like H. G. Wells, Bernard Shaw and Priestley himself, believed in trade and industry being controlled by the state in the interests of public profit. We will write a custom essay on Who is most responsible for the death of Eva Smith specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Britain still had its Empires back in 1912. It consisted of less industrially advanced countries that Britain exploited for cheap labour and raw materials, much in the same way that wealthy Britains exploited the lower class. It was through the under-privileged of Britain and abroad that the upper class in Britain was able to live in such luxury. Sheila could have her pretty dresses and Eric his port. The year 1912 was two years before the First World War in1914. Britain has many hopes and aspirations for the future. They dont take the problems in Germany seriously, a few German officers talking nonsense and a few scaremongers here making a fuss about nothing, and believe Britain superior. This is shown in Birlings beginning speech. We have to appreciate that although this play was set in 1912 it was written after the Second World War. This play was written in hindsight, which makes Birlings speech about the strength of Britain and capitalism pathetic, ridiculous and old-fashioned. In particular he says the Titanic every luxury and unsinkable, absolutely unsinkable. Thats what youve got to keep your eye on facts like that ot a few German officers talking nonsense. The audience knows that it not the German officers talking nonsense but Birling himself. They realise how ridiculous traditionalists like Birling actually are/were. The old regime obviously wasnt working so maybe its time for a change. This is precisely Priestleys point. An Inspector calls is a didactic piece of writing. Priestley is trying to teach the audience through entertainment. This play was written after the Second World War, in hindsight, because of Britains situation at the time. In some ways Priestley exploits the vulnerability of people after the war. He knows people are destitute and are living in extreme poverty so are looking for a way out. It is during desperate times that extremist parties come to power and new ideas are more readily accepted. Notice how Hitler came to power during the Great Depression. But why was the play written and performed after World War 2 rather than after World War 1? It was during the Second World War that the first nuclear weapons were used. Atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki that only left shadows in remembrance of the people who died. There was more at stake than ever before. If it took another war for people to learn their lesson would the human race be left at the end of it? The inspector, who could be thought of as Priestleys mouthpiece, reckons if we dont learn we are all members of one body. We are responsible for each other then we will be taught in fire and blood and anguish. Priestley needs people to realise it is time to work as a community before it is too late. There have already been two World Wars. The structure of An Inspector Calls is that of a murder mystery, the characters are interrogated one by one by the omniscient Inspector to find what part they played in the death of Eva Smith. We know no character is responsible for the death of Eva Smith in a typical whodunit way as we are informed early on that she died by drinking disinfectant, no character literally stood over her shoulder and forced her to drink. The crime is not a criminal offence: it is moral one. Who or what drove Eva Smith to believe there was no way out other than suicide? The pattern of the plot becomes apparent early on, which make it more exciting as we realise each character is implicated. When it is Erics turn to be interrogated we realise the extent of his guilt that a long explanation from him is unnecessary. His guilt is used instead to explore the hypocrisy of his parents. In this play the style of a detective thriller is mixed with the speculation of a morality play making it enjoyable to watch. The play is progression form ignorance to knowledge. In the lighting instruction the lighting at the beginning is distinctly pink. The Birling see the world through rose-tinted glasses, only seeing the luxury in which they themselves live and not the hardships of the less fortunate. The Inspector brings a brighter and harder light and opens their eyes to the world of Eva Smith, which they either didnt know about or chose not to see before. .u1d861ce7885409a35600916a63264d09 , .u1d861ce7885409a35600916a63264d09 .postImageUrl , .u1d861ce7885409a35600916a63264d09 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1d861ce7885409a35600916a63264d09 , .u1d861ce7885409a35600916a63264d09:hover , .u1d861ce7885409a35600916a63264d09:visited , .u1d861ce7885409a35600916a63264d09:active { border:0!important; } .u1d861ce7885409a35600916a63264d09 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1d861ce7885409a35600916a63264d09 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1d861ce7885409a35600916a63264d09:active , .u1d861ce7885409a35600916a63264d09:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1d861ce7885409a35600916a63264d09 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1d861ce7885409a35600916a63264d09 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1d861ce7885409a35600916a63264d09 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1d861ce7885409a35600916a63264d09 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1d861ce7885409a35600916a63264d09:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1d861ce7885409a35600916a63264d09 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1d861ce7885409a35600916a63264d09 .u1d861ce7885409a35600916a63264d09-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1d861ce7885409a35600916a63264d09:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Thematic Elements in Hamlet EssayBirling is the first member of the group the Inspector turns his accusing eyes towards. He trys to deny having any involvement with the late Eva Smith at all but it is soon revealed that the girl was employed at his works for a time. Birling trys to intimidate the Inspector with his power and connections. He introduces Gerald, the son of a powerful man, with obvious expectance of respect. The Inspector is not fazed by these attempts and proceeds to make Birling confess that Eva Smith was fired on the grounds that she went on strike asking for more money. Birling refuses to believe that his actions had anything to do with Evas suicide, If we were all responsible for everything that happened to everybody wed had anything to do with, it would be very awkward. His behaviour has been conditioned by the society he lives in. I would not hesitate to say that any other businessman would have fired Eva for asking for more wages and any other businessman would not have been repentant or considered themselves responsible for her death. This doesnt excuse him from blame. But do they ever really think about the unsympathetic world that they are forcing the girls into, or whether they really are just asking for a fair wage? Tim Bezant in the introduction of An Inspector calls has some ideas, a few of which I shall now use. In medieval times moral plays would centre on the seven deadly sins, pride, gluttony/greed, envy, lust, covetousness, anger and sloth. Birlings sin is greed. He wants money and power and doesnt seem to mind who he hurts to get it. In Priestleys eyes there is something very wrong with this. It shows no willing to work as a community, which he believes in strongly. Birling is a main victim of the Inspectors wrath. He talks to him savagely in his final speech and tells him he started it, meaning the path to doom. The Inspector holds Birling responsible and his anger with him is heightened by his lack of remorse. Eva Smith seems to recover from this setback when she secures herself a job at Milwards, an upper-class department store. It is not long before another member of the Birling family, Sheila, loses her the job there. Sheila is angry that Eva looked better in a dress than she did so tells her boss that unless Eva is sacked Milwards will lose her familys business. The shop cant afford to lose their business so they sack Eva, admitting her only crime was being too pretty. Sheila displays the maturity of a five-year-old child in her unwarranted attack on Eva. Her sin is envy, and also anger. She acts in a fit of rage, not thinking about what she is doing, unlike Birling. However her reaction to being shown the picture of Eva is quite different from Birlings evasive attitude. She runs out of the room with a scream. She realises that she is responsible in some respects for the death of an innocent girl and is sorry. She is dismayed at first and realises she must, in future, think about her actions. It is Sheila who develops most as a character. She begins as a rather excited girl whom is very pleased with life and develops into a morally strong character who is willing to accept the burden of guilt Sheila is quick to realise the intent of the Inspector and almost becomes his accomplice in his interrogation of the others. Sheila also escapes the Inspectors wrath at the end because of the remorse she has shown and the lesson she has learnt. The next character up for inspection is Gerald Croft, Sheilas fiance. When Eva meets Gerald she is on the road to despair. She has lost two jobs and is seriously considering becoming a prostitute to help her keep her head above water. She survives for a time being put up in rooms of an absent friend of Geralds, whilst he fulfils his own sexual motives. As Gerald and Sheila move closer towards engagement, Gerald drops Eva leaving her to fend for herself. Eva is so moved by this that she has to escape to the seaside for a few weeks. Gerald comes in the middle of a sandwich of guilt and gets off lightly with the Inspector final comment he at least had some affection for her and made her happy for a time. Of course it can be argued that because she trusted him, maybe loved him, it would hurt all the more to be rejected by him. It is also important to consider that Gerald, by giving her a better taste of life and providing her with some luxury, ensures her unhappiness and dissatisfaction after the affair has ended. Gerald is weak, as he has no strong views. He remains rather neutral about the whole community individual debate, which is perhaps why Priestley lets him off so lightly. Perhaps the affair and the affection with which it was conducted foreshadows the more liberal times to which we have since have become accustomed. .uc97953107bc1be3a4974bdc520c209e5 , .uc97953107bc1be3a4974bdc520c209e5 .postImageUrl , .uc97953107bc1be3a4974bdc520c209e5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc97953107bc1be3a4974bdc520c209e5 , .uc97953107bc1be3a4974bdc520c209e5:hover , .uc97953107bc1be3a4974bdc520c209e5:visited , .uc97953107bc1be3a4974bdc520c209e5:active { border:0!important; } .uc97953107bc1be3a4974bdc520c209e5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc97953107bc1be3a4974bdc520c209e5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc97953107bc1be3a4974bdc520c209e5:active , .uc97953107bc1be3a4974bdc520c209e5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc97953107bc1be3a4974bdc520c209e5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc97953107bc1be3a4974bdc520c209e5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc97953107bc1be3a4974bdc520c209e5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc97953107bc1be3a4974bdc520c209e5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc97953107bc1be3a4974bdc520c209e5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc97953107bc1be3a4974bdc520c209e5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc97953107bc1be3a4974bdc520c209e5 .uc97953107bc1be3a4974bdc520c209e5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc97953107bc1be3a4974bdc520c209e5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How does Shakespeare use dramatic devices in Act 3 scene 1 of "Romeo and Juliet" in order to make it such an interesting, exciting and important scene? EssayHe is somewhere between the poles of the Birlings and their children. He will not forget but he will not be affected so greatly as Sheila and Eric. Although the next person to be ticked off the Inspectors list is Sybil Birling she actually comes last, chronologically. Eva Smith, pregnant and penniless, appeals to Mrs Birlings charity for help. She dislikes this girl so much for using her name and generally not fitting her warped value system that she ignores Evas desperate situation and dismisses her as undeserving of help from the charity she strongly influences. She excuses herself by saying she did her duty because she thought the girl was not a good case as Eva had previously lied to the committee in her original story. Mrs Birling says Ive done nothing wrong- and you know it to the Inspector. She is the only character who doesnt accept a tiny piece of guilt and is therefore punished in the Inspectors final speech- Remember what you did, Mrs Birling. You turned her away when she most needed help. You refused her even the pitiable little bit of help you had in your power to grant her. Sybil is morally reprehensible. She acted in cold blood and had no justified reason for her actions. She simply didnt like the girl because, in her opinion, she had the cheek to use her name and, because she had lived such a privileged life, she didnt understand Evas predicament at all. She is also hypocritical. She makes it quite clear she thinks the father of Evas child is the one who should take responsibility for the child but when she discovers it is her own child, Eric, who is the father, she is astounded. She to wriggle him out of it, there must be some mistake. Because of her naivety and ignorance she doesnt appreciate Erics drink problem and is very shocked by his goings on. Eric is an alcoholic. He was heavily drunk the first time he met Eva Smith and understands he practically raped her. Eric treats her, as if she were an animal, a thing, not a person. Eva becomes pregnant and Eric supports her for a time by stealing money from his father. As soon as Eva discovers the money is stolen she will no longer accept it and it is now she appeals to the charity, of which Mrs Birling is a member, for help. She has hit rock bottom, a place from which it would be impossible to recover. So she kills herself and the child inside of her. There is hope of reform in Eric. We come to believe he is a sensitive soul turned wrong. It is clear he has not had enough guidance from his parents in how to live a good life, which leads to him drinking too much. He is extremely sorry for what he has done. Sheila and he gang up against their parents to make them see their actions were wrong and it doesnt matter whether a girl Priestley is interested in the acknowledgement of guilt. If there is any hope for the future they must learn to take the burden of responsibility. He shows there is hope for the future in the acceptance of guilt in his younger characters, Eric and Sheila. They will, as the new generation, force the old generation to accept blame and start to work together for a better society. Priestley wants the audience to realise there is hope, but first they will have to agree to work as a whole and accept responsibility for the evils of the world. The actions of the characters knit together with the issues Priestley wants us to address; community being more important than the individual, misuse of power and that the class system of 1912 was wrong. The pre-war characters examine their consciences with a warning of, the time will soon come, when, if men will not learn that lesson, then they will be taught it in fire and blood and anguish. This will be very relevant to the generation that has been through two world wars. Priestley never meant for us to examine the degrees of responsibility each character must bear but instead blame society as a whole. It must be realised that we are responsible for each other and we are all to blame, equally, if another is to kill herself. He wants to demonstrate that everyone is responsible for everyone else in society, regardless of the factors that make us selfish as individuals. He sought to teach the audiences the same lesson the characters learn. They are lucky only to witness it rather that experience it. In this essay I have shown that it is impossible to quantify responsibility so it is therefore impossible for us to hold one character more responsible for the death of Eva smith than another. I have also shown how Priestley never meant us to hold each individual responsible but rather society as a whole. This play is relevant to a modern audience because it makes us examine our consciences in the way the Birling are forced to do. Are we no better than the Birlings? It is still important for us to understand that our actions have consequences and we are all responsible for each other. As the poet John Donne once said, No man is an island (Meditation XVII).

Chimeras Of Life Essays - World War I, Free Essays, Term Papers

Chimeras Of Life Essays - World War I, Free Essays, Term Papers Chimeras of Life "One is left with the horrible feeling now that war settles nothing; that to win a war is as disastrous to lose one!. . . We shall not survive war, but shall, as well as our adversaries, be destroyed by war."-Agatha Christie, The Second War The war described in All Quiet on the Western Front, by Erich Maria Remarque, destroyed those who fought in it. It tells the story of Paul, a young German soldier. As Paul fights on the bloody front, he is numbed to the pain of those around him. War kills the dreams and spirits of the young men fighting in it by making them inured to death. When death no longer holds any significance, man reverts back to living for the present. Paul accepts the grisly battles in stride with the brief respites a few miles away. He says: "We have lost all sense of other considerations, because they are artificial. Only the facts are real and important to us." (21) Morals have no place on the battlefield. Only a sense of now and here is necessary, and physical needs. Food is a crucial need of the men's-one which they go to great lengths to acquire. (Quote) One of the most heartbreaking lessons learned was that death is the complete purpose of one's life. Paul and his classmates learn this when they see their first deaths on the front lines. Paul describes this reality: "While they taught that duty to one's country is the greatest thing, we already knew that death-throes are stronger... we were all at once terribly alone..." (13). Here, Paul discovers that death is the strongest force in his life; it is inescapable. The men learn that, ultimately, a man will protect his life over his duty. Where once they pictured war as noble and victorious, this chimera was shattered on the battlefield. The men have accepted the fact that fear of death is the driving force in one's life. They resort to bloody measures to protect their own lives; Paul, while in the trenches, learns the secrets of protection: "The bayonet has practically lost its importance.... The sharpened spade is a more handy and many-sided weapon..." (104). These gri! sly tools are now necessities. As death pervades their lives, these young men cannot plan their futures; as they move away from the front, the images still haunt their lives. Without a solid groundwork before the war, it is impossible to recover after the war. The noxious front lines couldn't nurture dreams too well. Paul reflects on his past life, and notes: "All the older men are linked up with their previous life... they have a background which is so strong that the war cannot obliterate it..." (20). Paul says here that these men ahd something else to live for; real, solid things which gave them a purpose to go on. For the young men, however, all most of them had were their ambitions and their dreams to sutain them; these had a weak hold on them, in the face of death. "...we stood on the threshold of life... te war swept us away... we have bocome a waste land..." (20). Paul describes thier loss. Without their dreams, who knows what these men can do after the war? They will be haunted by the trenches which stripped them of their dreams. After a man has looked death in the eye, it is difficult to return to life. Paul says, "we were eight! een and had begun to love life and the world; and we had to shoot it to pieces.... we believe in such things no longer. We believe in war." (88) The war is now the only driving force in these men's lives; the rest was shattered with the front-line view of the world: shot or be shot, kill or be killed. The lives of these young men were ruined by the war. As World War I recedes further and further into our memories, people forget the generation of men destroyed by war. Their shattered drems

Profile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Profile - Essay Example Therefore, his choice to make appearance in this profile leans on the interesting aspect of charisma and personality that is infused in his daily activities as noted in his hobbies. Alternatively, Aysha Janahi stands out because of his unwavering resolve to utilize his education as a tool to liberate his nation from the turbulence of the simmering Arab Spring. This actually compliments his optimism that is also observable in the inability to judge persons of non alignment in terms of sexuality and preference. In other words, Aysha comes as a young man who is ready to conquer the world despite the choking influences of his Bahrainian background. The above mentioned student was born in the Muslim dominated Bahrain on 3rd July in 1994 to a trader father and a housewife mother. According to their culture, Bahrain stands for two seas and young Aysha was able to grow smoothly with his two sisters as he watched his dad conduct his business and cook his dinners. However, because of his inabi lity to excel and conceptualize the subject of math, the young decides to migrate to American school where he enrolled for a course in Media Communication at the age of 18 only. Aysha is an outgoing boy who has relied on his parents for moral direction and mainly loves tanning in the sun, jet skiing and resting on the beach. He also has an addiction for shopping that makes him own several shirts that bear tags in his room (Stein & Paterno 2001, p. 67). In the same view, Aysha tries to adapt to the organic lifestyle by constantly working out and enjoys soccer with friends. However, the most interesting thing with this young man who would love to use his education to further the revolution is the ability to cook pasta. He learnt this habit after constantly watching his father prepare the dinner for him and his sisters much to their delight. Accordingly, Aysha Janahi is an accomplished young man with dexterity at playing football and a staunchly religious person. In the same respect, t he young man is an intrapersonal person who values the meeting of new people in order to expand his horizon of life. In fact, in his own words, he asserts: â€Å"I am the type of person that likes to get to know people. I am not shy. I care so much put people first.† This is also reflected in his flexibility to tolerate people with different perceptions of life without making irrational judgments. In others words, Aysha Janahi insists that he is a person who thinks situations positively instead of negatively in order to find better perspectives of life. Additionally, it is also critical to highlight the ability of Aysha to maintain their culture despite acquiring his schooling in a liberal university in American. This suggests that despite the exposure to a conflicting culture that normally alters the minds of most foreign students; he is able to retain his sense of integrity and dignity. Moreover, he is a reflection of the struggle of balancing the life a liberal nation. Thi s includes adapting to the lifestyle of munching barbeques, watching TV and sunning in the beach during summer while there is a background that is against most of the things. However, in stark contrast, Bahrain is steeped in the stringent conservative lifestyle that is akin to that of Saudi Arabia that does not permit lots of freedoms (Stein & Paterno 2001, p. 71). Aysha Janahi, as noted above, is a student of promise

Essay Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Essay - Assignment Example Moreover, the modernism paradigm is inherently intertwined with culture and Eysteinsson and Liska argue that in terms of literary criticism, â€Å"modernism constitutes one of the most prominent fields of literary studies today† (Eysteinsson and Liska, 2007:1). Indeed, leading anthologist Rainey asserts that in literary terms â€Å"modernists were giants, monsters of nature who loomed so large that contemporaries could only gape at them in awe† (Rainey 2007, p.xix) However, whilst modernism is instrumental in approaching literary context, it is evident that â€Å"it is however, a field that stands in a very ambiguous relationship to the present literary and cultural situation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ scholars and critics are seeking to draw a balance sheet with modernism† (Eysteinsson and Liska, 2007:1). The concept of modernism in the cultural consciousness evolved through the end of Queen Victoria’s reign between the nineteenth and twentieth century. Indeed, Gillies and Mahood (2007) refer to publisher Grant Allen’s remarks in 1889 that â€Å"everybody nowadays talks about evolution. Like electricity, the cholera, women’s rights, the great mining boom, and the Eastern question, it is â€Å"in the air† (In Gillies & Mahood, 2007: 3). To this end, it is evident that the cultural transition between the nineteenth and twentieth century towards a modernist socio-cultural model is a central causal factor in explaining the particular distinction of early twentieth century literature in the modernist discourse. For example, if we consider this proposition contextually, Gillies and Mahood refer to Aldous Huxley’s female protagonist Lucy Tantamount in â€Å"Point Counter Point† (1928) comments that â€Å"living modernly’s, living quickly†. Moreover, constant references to â€Å"make it new† meshed â€Å"itself in ever increasingly formalised definitions of

Floral Diversity in Organic and Modern Farming

Floral Diversity in Organic and Modern Farming Is Organic Farming better for floral diversity than modern farming? 1.0 Chapter 1 Introduction1.1 Introduction. Agriculture has had a profound impact upon biological diversity. Agricultural specialization, mechanisation and intensification leading to compaction and soil erosion, and poor farm management, have resulted in a global decline in plant, invertebrate and bird numbers in recent decades (Stoate et al., 2001). The Law of Specialization has encouraged the clearing of natural habitat for the cultivation of a few species, with biodiversity being the victim of this â€Å"trade off† between productivity and variety. This â€Å"modern† approach to agriculture was encouraged and sponsored (i.e. through the Common Agricultural Policy – CAP) by the government after the Second World War. The impact of rationing was still fresh in the minds of the UK population and a concentrated effort was made to increase agricultural output. The â€Å"baby boom† of the 1950s also added incentive to these efforts. The drive to increase agric ultural output was a great success. New fertilizers (N, P, K) and pesticides (DDT etc) were extremely successful at improving crop yields. As time went by however, evidence began to slowly emerge of environmental damage. Despite growing environmental concerns, and numerous academic studies highlighting the negative impact upon floral diversity by modern agricultural practices, the world’s population is estimated to rise to 9-10 billion by 2050, which means there will be increasing pressure on land to build new homes. Consequently, global food security is heavily dependant upon technological advances in order to avoid Malthusians scenario of poverty and famine due to â€Å"overpopulation†.   The question is whether organic farming is better for floral diversity compared with â€Å"modern† farming, but ultimately, even if evidence points to the fact that organic is more favourable than â€Å"modern methods†, the question will be will it be capable of meeting the growing demands placed on agriculture and solve environmental problems? 1.2 Early concerns Rachel Carson sounded the warning bell against the processes and practices associated with agricultural intensification in her book, Silent Spring, published in 1962. In it Carson takes a negative view on the increasing use of agricultural chemicals:    Since the mid-nineteen forties, over 200 basic chemicals have been created for use in killing insects, weeds, rodents and other organisms described in the modern vernacular as pests, and they are sold under several thousand different brand names. The sprays, dusts and aerosols are now applied almost universally to farms, gardens, forests and homes non-selective chemicals that have the power to kill every insect, the good and the bad, to still the song of birds and the leaping of fish in the streams to coat the leaves with a deadly film and to linger on in soil all this, though the intended target may be only a few weeds or insects. Can anyone believe it is possible to lay down such a barrage of poisons on the surface of the earth without making it unfit for all life? They should not be called insecticides but biocides. (Carson, 1962). Carson also talked about the detrimental use of Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT). Research in the intervening years have somewhat validated her basic argument, though there were some criticisms concerning inaccuracies in her book. The Stockholm Convention is a global treaty to protect human health and the environment from persistent organic pollutants (POPs).   POPs, of which DDT is one of a so called â€Å"dirty dozen†, are chemicals that remain intact in the environment for long periods, become widely distributed geographically, accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and are toxic to humans and wildlife.   In acting as a signatory to the Convention, the Government signalled its intention to eliminate or reduce the release of POPs into the environment. 2.0 Pollution and Biodiversity Our knowledge of the ways in which Biodiversity is essential for the survival of humans, in addition to many other species, is still evolving. From unidentified species to potentially undiscovered medicines, biodiversity is an issue of worldwide importance, providing natural resources which are essential for sustaining not only life on earth, but also economic activities. Biodiversity helps to maintain a healthy and stable environment in which businesses can operate, and its conservation is increasingly viewed by scientists, economists and businesses alike as a key part of economic stability. The growth of environmental legislation in recent times represents a governmental acknowledgement of, and response to, a strong body of scientific data establishing links between pollution and the environment. In the UK, The Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, established in 1970, interpreted â€Å"pollution† in broad terms of the â€Å"introduction by man into the environment of substances or energy liable to cause hazards to human health, harm to living resources and ecological systems, damage to structures or amenity, or interference with legitimate uses of the environment† (Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, 2004).   The availability of natural resources is dependant on a stable environment, which is maintained by complex interactions and processes within and between ecosystems. Any significant impacts of environmental pollution on biodiversity can impact upon our biosphere (Trevors, J.T., 2003). The costs following the loss of ecosystem services, and the resources they support, are unpredictable but likely to be considerable, therefore the management and minimisation of this risk should be of high strategic importance to any business. The Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution’s broad definition of pollution effectively means that pollution can be anything that causes damage and/or aggravation to people, wildlife, or the environment such as chemicals, noise or gases. Due to the complex nature of relationships between organisms in an ecosystem, the release of pollutants into the environment can not only kill organisms outright, but they can also change the conditions and processes occurring within a system and result in changes that can degrade entire habitats and disrupt ecological processes. These changes have the potential to cause long-term environmental change through the accumulative effects of their release. Pollutants arise from a variety of sources, such as toxic substances, accidental spills, industrial processes or illegal dumping. Not all pollutants are necessarily man-made, however, human activities often exacerbate or increase their polluting effects. For example, uranium is a naturally occurring radioactive waste that needs to be safely managed, increasing the risk of contamination and radiation that can cause lethal genetic mutations and killing living organisms. In terms of biodiversity, uranium mining often occurs in remote areas that are considered valuable for biological diversity, therefore the control of risks such as leakages into groundwater and food chains is essential. The amount of pollution in the environment is a very significant issue; pollution needs to be reduced in order to reduce its impact on biodiversity. Efforts to reduce pollution often reveal the complex nature of environmental pollution. In the UK during the 1970s and 1980s there was a growing realization that freshwater eutrophication was an increasing problem. Initial research pointed to phosphorus from industrial pollution as the main source of pollution, particularly from Sewage Treatment Works (STWs) due to a growth in phosphate-based detergents. Additional tertiary treatment at STWs failed to reduce levels of eutrophication in the long-term and it soon became clear that diffuse pollution from agriculture was, and is, the main factor resulting in continued water quality problems. The use of P fertilizer has generally exceeded agronomic requirements and led to soil P saturation. Whilst P is an essential plant nutrient, excessive concentrations are affecting the ecosystems natural coping mechanism. The result is one of â€Å"the most pressing environmental problems facing the UK today† (Environment Agency, 2005). 2.1 Ecological Impacts What are the associated ecological impacts of the post-war drive in agricultural intensification? The impact of this intensification on bird populations has been dramatic. Birds provide good indicators of environmental change as they are easily monitored, well researched, and high up in the food chain (Furness and Greenwood, 1993). Between 1970 and 1990, Fuller et al (1995) found that 24 out of 28 species had contracted in range, with a decline of abundance in 15 out of 18 species for which population change could be assessed. Of these species, seven had declined by more than 50%, declines being most pronounced amongst granivorous species (i.e., those with a substantial seed component in the diet). Similar range contractions and population declines were not found in bird communities of woodland or other widespread habitat types over the same period. In addition to fertilizer and pesticide use, practices associated with agricultural intensification also included cultivation and re-seeding of grassland, simplified crop rotations, loss of marginal habitats and increased grazing levels. All of these practices were likely to have an impact on the availability of food for nesting and feeding birds (Wilson et al, 1999). The case of the decline of grey partridge Perdix perdix L. populations in Britain however, complicates this assertion. The decline was partly attributable to poor chick survival as a consequence of the effects of herbicide-spraying of cereals on insect food supply and not necessarily a reduction in food availability (Potts, 1986). However, agricultural practices have affected arable flora in one way or another. What species have been affected? Gramineae (including wild species and stock feed crops e.g. rye grass) Many agricultural practices affect grass abundance e.g. after fertilizer application, grazing intensification, herbicide application, cutting regime and ploughing. However, Wilson et al (1999) show that some of the practices had detrimental and non-detrimental consequences, some promoting abundance of some grasses whilst reducing abundance of others. For example, Increases in cutting, grazing, tillage, fertilizer applications and herbicide usage thus cause declines in species diversity, but favour those species responsive to these conditions, including the meadow-grasses Poa, which are of particular importance in the diet of farmland birds. Polygonaceae The Polygonaceae, represented on temperate European farmland mainly by Polygonum (knotgrasses and persicarias) and Rumex (docks and sorrels), have the capacity for high seed production, making them a rich source of food for birds but invasive weeds of arable and grassland. Reviews of long-term population trends (Wilson et al., 1999) suggest that most Polygonaceae in arable areas are likely to have declined dramatically, whereas in pastures, roadsides, spoil heaps and waste ground, populations may be increasing. Chenopodiaceae This family on farmland is represented by Chenopodium (goosefoots), Atriplex (oraches) and Beta (mainly cultivated forage and sugar beets). In non-crop Chenopodiaceae, herbicide applications and grazing control populations whilst fertilization may encourage growth due to preference for high Nitrogen concentrations. Populations have declined in arable areas (Wilson et al., 1999). Caryophyllaceae The main genera taken by birds on temperate European farmland are Cerastium (mouse-ears), Silene (campions and catchflies), Stellaria (chickweeds and stitchworts) and Spergula (spurreys). With the possible exception of chickweeds, decline of Caryophyllaceae on arable land is likely to have been widespread, but in pastoral areas and other fertile, disturbed areas, not subject to intensive herbicide control, population of chickweeds and mouse-ears may be maintaining themselves or increasing (Wilson et al., 1999). Asteraceae Composites found on temperate farmland in Europe include Arctium (burdocks), Artemisia (mugworts), Carduus (thistles), Centaurea (knapweeds), Cirsium (plume-thistles), Helianthus (sunflowers), Leontodon (hawkbits), Senecio (ragworts and groundsels), Sonchus (sow-thistles), Taraxacum (dandelions) and Tussilago (coltsfoot), all of which are eaten by birds. Of these, sunflowers are oilseed crops grown mainly in warm temperate farmland, whilst the remainder are all found in the wild flora. Evidence points to declines caused by cultivation and herbicide use, and increases in response to increased grazing pressure and fertilizer use. Dandelions are adversely affected by regular ploughing, whereas modern grassland practices such as intensive grazing and inorganic fertilizer application probably favour growth. In the long term, populations of most composites are likely to be stable or declining in intensively arable areas, but in other fertile, disturbed sites, not subject to inte nsive herbicide control, populations may be increasing (Wilson et al., 1999). Brassicaceae The diet of farmland birds includes Alliaria (garlic mustards), Capsella (shepherd’s purse), Raphanus (radishes), Thlaspi (pennycresses), Brassica (includes wild and cultivated varieties of oilseeds, turnips and cabbages) and Sinapis (charlock). Overall, wild Brassicaceae have probably declined dramatically on intensive arable farmland in recent decades (Wilson et al., 1999). Fabaceae On temperate European farmland, Fabaceae are characterised by low, creeping nitrogen-fixers such as Medicago (cultivated lucerne and medicks), Trifolium (clovers and trefoils) and Vicia (vetches and beans). Better drainage and regular grazing encourage legumes, but loss of ley-based rotations has reduced the overall availability of clovers and vetches as sown crops. In the long-term, populations of wild clovers and vetches on farmland are likely to be declining due to herbicidal weed control and grassland improvement, but sown populations of certain clover species (mainly white T. repens L. and red clover T. pratense L.) will mask these declines in areas where grass-clover leys are still sown (Wilson et al., 1999). Labiatae, On farmland, Labiatae are characterised by Galeopsis (hemp-nettles), Lamium (dead-nettles) and Stachys (woundworts). Herbicide applications are detrimental to most members of the family. In the long-term, populations of dead-nettles and hemp-nettles are likely to be declining in arable areas, although dead-nettles may be increasing in other fertile, disturbed habitats (Wilson et al., 1999). Ranunculaceae, Ranunculaceae (typified by buttercups Ranunculus) are in long-term decline in both arable and pastoral farmland, probably due to a combination of herbicide control on arable land, fertilization of grasslands, and loss of pasture to cultivation (Wilson et al., 1999). Boraginaceae, On farmland, Boraginaceae are characterized by Myosotis (forget-me-nots), which are known to be sensitive to herbicide applications. There is also some evidence that populations of field forget-me-not M. arvensis (L.) Hill are in long-term decline in arable land (Wilson et al., 1999). Plantaginaceae, Violaceae, Herbicide application was the only agricultural operation recorded as having detrimental effects on Plantaginaceae (plantains) and Violaceae (violets and pansies) (Wilson et al., 1999). Urticaceae, A review by Wilson et al., (1999) found no evidence of specific impacts of agricultural practices on Urticaceae (nettles). In the long term, however, common nettle Urtica dioica L. and annual nettle U. urens L. are likely to be stable or declining in arable habitats as a result of herbicidal weed control, but are probably increasing elsewhere in disturbed, fertile habitats. Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae (pokeweeds) are serious agricultural weeds in the Americas (Cousens and Mortimer, 1995), and increasingly so as aliens in parts of Europe. A review by Wilson et al., (1999) found no data on the effects of agricultural operations on the abundance of this family in Europe. 3.0 Analysis of Organic Farming3.1 Organic farming Organic farming has been shown to benefit some species. Recent studies in England suggest that organic systems support more broad-leaved plants than conventional systems. (e.g. Kay and Gregory, 1999). Kay and Gregory (1999) found that, out of 23 rare or declining arable plant species, 18 were more abundant on organic farms, with 13 of them being absent on conventional farms. However, if improvements were made in mechanical weed control technology in conventional farms these differences in plant abundance and species richness between the two systems could be reduced. 3.2 Organic farming a solution? When the environmental problems in agriculture came into spotlight, different forms of organic farming had been practiced in Europe for several decades. These farming methods were quickly presented as a solution for most of the problems agriculture is facing. One reason for the increase in organic agriculture in many countries in Europe today is the need to solve environmental problems. In such situations, we often tend to accept appealing solutions. Furthermore, intensive propaganda by representatives of organic farming movements has had a strong influence on public opinion, politicians, and scientists. But what is the likelihood that Organic farming can meet the requirements of agriculture and solve some of these major environmental problems? Although some environmental problems were already identified as a result of the industrialization of societies from the 19th century, the breakthrough of broad environmental consciousness, as epitomized by the Silent Spring by Rachel Carson, took place in the 1960s. New research orientations, national and multinational environmental protection agencies, and environmental interest organizations were founded. Within agriculture several organizations, sharing a prejudiced view of nature, biodynamic and organic-biological, promoted their agricultural methods as a solution to the environmental problems. One theory of organic farming, biodynamic farming, which is part of a comprehensive philosophy called anthroposophy, was presented by Steiner in 1924. Its aim was not to solve environmental problems but to introduce a form of production forces’. Biodynamic and other forms of organic agriculture exclude easily soluble inorganic fertilizers and synthetic pesticides on principle (KRAV, 1999). A comprehensive review was made by Hole et al. (2005) of the impacts on biodiversity of organic farming relative to conventional agriculture. They identified a wide range of taxa, including birds, mammals, invertebrates and arable flora, which benefit from organic management through increases in abundance and/or species richness. Also highlighted were three broad management practices (prohibition/reduced use of chemical pesticides and inorganic fertilisers; sympathetic management of non-cropped habitats; and preservation of mixed farming) that are largely intrinsic (but not exclusive) to organic farming, and that are particularly beneficial for farmland wildlife. However, most problems that occur in conventional agriculture may also be present in organic farming, such as erosion, nitrogen leaching, ammonia volatilization from animal wastes, high levels of native soil cadmium, accumulation of trace metals in soil, and subsoil compaction caused by farm machinery. Organic farming methods do not offer solutions to many of these problems. For example, the exclusion of easily soluble inorganic fertilizer does not necessarily imply less leaching or less eutrophication. On the contrary, leaching of total N from soil receiving animal manure, either composted or anaerobically stored, can be much higher than from inorganic fertilizer applied at the same N rate if measured over several years. Green manuring can also cause high nitrate leaching losses. From an environmental point of view, it does not matter whether the nutrients come from inorganic or organic sources. What matters is when, how and in what quantity plant nutrients are available to crops, i .e. if the nutrient supply is in synchrony with the demand of the crop (Myers et al., 1997). Crop quality is put forward as an important argument for organic farming. Crop quality depends on the plant nutrient status in the soil, the dynamics of nutrient release, weather conditions during growth, damage caused by pests, toxic compounds produced by the crops themselves and the adherent microflora, contamination with pesticides and pollutants, and the post-harvest treatment. Several investigations have clearly shown that the type of fertilization, contrary to the principle of organic farming, does not affect plant quality (e.g. Hansen, 1981) whereas the intensity of fertilization does. Thus, crop quality is not dependent on the principal difference between inorganic fertilization and organic manuring. Furthermore, considerable variation in crop quality can be found between farms regardless of whether they are using conventional or organic methods. This division into ‘organic’ and ‘conventional’ agriculture loses sight of the principal factors concerni ng crop quality and environmentally friendly agriculture. In contrast to conventional agriculture, organic farming without purchase of feed may result in a nutrient depletion of soils (Nolte and Werner, 1994). Through the import of feeding stuff to farms, which means a net input of nutrients, depletion is normally avoided. As the feeding stuff may be produced elsewhere with inorganic fertilizers, organic farming indirectly depends on the soil fertility of conventional farming. However, regulations about the amount of conventionally grown feeding stuff to be used in organic farming differ between countries. Side-effects caused by synthetic pesticides and drug feeding are not found in organic farming, a positive result. However, the exclusion of pesticides may result in increased concentrations of secondary plant metabolites and of mycotoxins of field fungi. Eltun (1996) reported higher concentrations of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol in grain samples from organic than from conventional farming. Furthermore, in the same experiment no pesticide residues were found in grain samples grown conventionally. Thus, the exclusion of pesticides does not necessarily mean that crop products do not contain unwanted substances. The area for housing and outdoor movement of farm animals has received more attention in organic than in conventional agriculture. This concern is positive and space requirements should be determined for all types of farming. Humans have kept livestock for millennia, resulting in the selection of animals with behaviours that differs from the wild species. The natural behavior can not be the only guideline for livestock management. It is important to keep animals in such a way that the special requirements of each species are fulfilled and destructive forms of behaviour are avoided. In order to understand today’s organic farming movement, it may be useful to know that the highly influential form of organic agriculture, biodynamic farming (Steiner, 1975), had its roots in a philosophy of life and not in the agricultural sciences. A common attitude within the organic movement is that nature and natural products are good, whereas man-made chemicals are bad, or at least not as good as natural ones. This way of thinking may also explain why man-made fertilizers and synthetic pesticides are excluded. Although there is no reason to believe that nature is only good, as exemplified in agriculture by crop failures, plant or animal diseases, and the effects of natural disasters, this romantic way of thinking is widespread. The forces of nature are fantastic and filled with still unknown secrets, but at the same time the results of natural activity may be ‘bad’. That is why natural conditions cannot be the only guideline for an ethical code about interac tions between humans and nature. We have to define an ethical code that takes into account the full truth, and it is our responsibility to do so. As indicated above, views and beliefs originating from a philosophy of life are the driving force behind organic farming. People should have free choice concerning religion or a philosophy of life and a strong ethical foundation is very important, but placing philosophical ideas above scientific thinking, especially if they contradict scientific results, leads to severe communication problems. For example, to demand the exclusion of synthetic fertilizers shifts matters of science into the field of dogma. The fundamental question, why plant nutrients should be added in organic forms or as untreated minerals only, has never been proved. 4.0 Analysis of Alternatives4.1 Alternative solutions The bottom line is that current agricultural practices are not sustainable and alternatives are needed. Plant, invertebrate and bird numbers have all declined during the last century as a result of land management practices, whilst excess levels of fertilizer inputs have led to deteriorating water quality problems (of which, groundwater contamination and eutrophication are perhaps the most significant). The cause has been the increasing intensification and specialisation of farming, with a shift from mixed farming to arable farming in the east and grassland in the west. Biodiversity has also been impacted by the planting of autumn cereals. Whilst Organic farming is being promoted as a better alternative, there is growing interest in the use of genetically modified-based agriculture. 4.2 Biotechnology and Genetically Modified Foods Biotechnology can potentially play a significant input into sustainable agricultural productivity, particularly for poor and/or small scale farmers in developing countries. Some of the benefits include development of techniques to 1) facilitate enhanced resistance to insect pests/diseases responsible for reduced yields 2) ability to tolerate drought/salinity or heavy metals. The Nuffield Council on Bioethics, concluded in 2003 that some GM crops offer real benefits to those in the developing world. Thomas (SDI, 2003) uses the example of half the cotton grown in China during 2002 being genetically modified. The GM crops produced a toxin to the cotton bollworm, a pest that can devastate crops. Yields were estimated to have increased by 10% whilst there was a 60% decrease in reported cases of humans being impacted by the toxic effects of applying pesticides without protective clothing. The report did, however, highlight a need for economi c, political and social change. Watkinson (2000), in a study on sugar beet genetically modified to tolerate broad-spectrum herbicideglyphosate, found that densities of fat hen, a common weed in sugar beet, were less than 10% of those in conventional crops. The seeds of fat hen are an important winter food resource for farmland birds. Skylarks forage preferentially in weedy fields, so therefore the impacts of GM crops critically depend on the extent to which high-density patches of weeds are affected. Argentina provides another example. The uptake of Monsanto’s round-up ready soya was phenomenal during the mid to late 90s. Some 13 million hectares were converted to GM. However, increasing dominance of larger farmers has resulted in many smaller farmers leaving their lands. Traditionally, many people were employed for weeding but increased herbicide usage has resulted in unemployment and increasing concerns surrounding the impact on human health (Branford, 2002). The benefits of using herbicide resistant crops in this context are therefore questionable. Monsanto needs to assess GM application in Argentina in order to learn from any mistakes and develop best practice guidelines for the future. Companies such as Monsanto and Syngenta appear, committed to principles of global sustainable agriculture and both have germplasm protection projects, in addition to community and environmental projects. Monsanto, in conjunction with Bayer CropScience; BASF; Dow Agrosciences; Dupont and Syngenta have established an Agricultural Biotech Council (ABC) in order to promote a reasoned and balanced debate surrounding the use of agricultural biotechnology. However, it appears more like a union to promote the benefits of agricultural biotechnology. 4.3 Biosafety During the Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) negotiations, governments were aware of the potential modern biotechnology had with regards the achievement of its 3 main aims; the conservation of biodiversity, the sustainable use of the components of biodiversity, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the use of genetic resources. There was, however, a proviso for adequate safety measures for the environment and human health. This proviso constitutes Article 19 of the CBD, which relates to the handling of biotechnology and the distribution of its benefits. Four paragraphs constitute Article 19 and require parties to the Convention to: 1) take appropriate measures to ensure effective participation in biotechnological research activities, especially developing countries 2) to take practical measures to promote and advance access on a fair and equitable basis 3) to consider requirements of a protocol addressing   (including advance informed agreement) and; 4) make available information about the use and safety regulations, as well as any information on the potential adverse impact of the specific organisms. Decision II/5, established an Open-ended Ad Hoc Working Group on Biosafety to develop a draft protocol on biosafety, specifically focusing on transboundary movement of any living modified organism resulting from modern biotechnology that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. The details and history of this working Group, from its formation to the subsequent adoption of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity on the 29 January 2000, is rather convoluted. Environmental / human health consequences and concerns arising from introduction of GM plants led to the development of regulatory regimes to assess safety. Imports of GMOs into the UK (and EC) are covered by existing Community legislation Council Directive 2001/18/EC on the deliberate release into the environment of GMOs. The Protocol is therefore most beneficial to developing countries without existing legislation on GMOs and who require information before deciding on the conservational and sustainable impact of accepting GMO imports. In the UK, further EC regulations were adopted arising from the need to address exported obligations. Such issues have led to the implementation of EC Regulation No. 1946/2003 on the transboundary movement of GMOs. 4.4 Does Sustainable Agriculture mean sustainable development? The Convention on Biosafety specifically addresses the variety of risks to rural ecosystems, particularly i

Compare and Contrast Essay Art

Work #1 Mona Lisa Leonardo de Vinci, i503-i507 Oil on poplar, (77 x 55cm, 30 x 21in) Muste de Louve, Paris Work # 2 Flowers of Edo: Young Woman’s narrative Chanting to the Shamison Kitagowa Utamoro, Mid 17903 Color wood block print (15 1/8 x 10/38. 5 x 25. 5 cm) Spencer Museums Art The University of Kansas I am not a professional art critic, I just like beautiful paintings. It is very fascinating to me the talent that some are born with. Dilect changes with time but a painting or message or imaginary stays the same. I chose two very important paintings both are portraits of woman. They were created during different time periods. Comparing the two work one (Mona Lisa) is very detailed, while work two (Flowers of Edo: Young woman’s narrative chanting to the shamisen) is more sketched. I am left wondering if work two was a real person or drawing that was later painted. Mona Lisa or La Giocanda (Lajaconde) is the 16th century, oil paintings on polar wood by Leonardo Da Vinci, and is one of the world’s most famous paintings. Few works of art have been subjected to as much scrutiny, study, mythologizing and parody. It is owned by the French government and hangs in the Musee da Louvre in Paris. The painting, a half-length portrait, depicts a woman whose gaze meets the viewers with an expression often described as enigmatic. The title Mona Lisa stems from the Giorgio Vasari biography of Leonard De Vinci published 31 yrs after Leonard’s death. In it he identified the sitter as Lisa Gherardini, the wife of a wealthy businessman; Mona was a common name from the title Madonna, meaning my lady, the English version of Madam. The alternative title is the Italian version which means light-hearted was derived because of her smile. The â€Å"Flowers of Edo† was a series of creations by artist kawakawa Utamoro, who was a Japanese print maker and painter, and he is considered one of the greatest artists of wood block prints. He is especially known for his masterfully composed studies of women. His sensuous female beauties are generally considered the finest and most evocative. He also produced nature studies particularly illustrated books of insects. Kitagawa work reached Europe in the middle of the 19th century, where his works were very popular; enjoying particular fame in France. He influenced the European impressionist, particularly with his use of partial views, with an emphasis or light and shade. Sources The Mona Lisa Exposed Http://www. hepgura. com/mona Lisa, an ad supported tufts University student website dedicated to the Mona Lisa. Shrug asana, Timothy Clark, The passionate art of Kitagowa Utamaro British Museum Press, London, 1995

Social Structures of Han China and Ancient Rome

During the classical era, Han China and Ancient Rome were the pioneers for the change and the plethora of improvements that took place in civilized societies. The Han Dynasty consisted of persistent regional riots and rebellions against harsh state demands, and Ancient Rome expanded through the Mediterranean and areas of Hellenistic civilization.Together, these two civilizations introduced many essential changes in human life and provided an arena for the spread of organized civilizations. Although both Han China and Ancient Rome acquired powerful religious systems, Ancient Rome’s social structure was far more structured than Han China’s in regards to treatment of women and social status.Han China and Ancient Rome both demonstrated prosperous, influential religious systems that influenced other religious systems. In Han China, many followed Confucianism as a religion. Confucian teachings emphasized strong rulers and the consolidation of political power. Confucianism was not a religion, but a philosophy.It advocated rule by the highly educated, male elite, and it was primarily an ethical system. Respect for elders, art, music, and elegant calligraphy in the cultivation of scholar-bureaucrats were all important. Other Confucian teachings were Legalism, Daoism, and Buddhism. Confucianism has exerted a pervasive influence on other societies throughout Asia.Confucianism has affected and been incorporated in nearly every aspect of life. Education, government, behavior, and how the people should live their lives are all connected and Confucianism provided a code and a guide to have effective government and education, and lead a happy, successful life.China’s Confucian ideals, technological advancements, and prosperous agrarian state captivated major thinkers in Europe and the United States. The Roman Empire provided an arena for the spread of Christianity and the interaction of numerous diverse cultures. Christianity emerged during the first years of the Roman Empire under Augustus. Originally an offshoot of Judaism, early Christianity had little to do with Roman culture.In the centuries after Jesus' execution, many outside of Judaism converted to the new religion. Perhaps as many as 10 percent of the Roman population were Christian by the fourth century C.E. Christianity spread most rapidly among the poor and disadvantaged classes of the empire. Christianity also won converts from among those seeking a more emotionally satisfying form of religion. Roman stability and communications aided in the spread of the religion.The early political form of Christianity was drawn from the imperial constitution. In Christianity, bishops were governors of local communities and supervised activities from cities in which they resided. Bishops in the most powerful cities gained greater authority.The apostle Paul, who brought Christian beliefs to a wider public, was a critical figure in the dissemination of the new religion. Gradually Christi an theologians began to define religious beliefs in terms of Greco-Roman philosophy. Christianity became the most creative intellectual area of later imperial culture.In this sense, Christianity was an important conservator of earlier intellectual traditions. Refusal of Christian communities to participate in state rituals caused some early emperors to persecute individuals and groups. Persecution was only episodic, and eventually the state was able to allot to the Church a legitimate, if subordinate, place in the world.Women enjoyed more freedom and status in Han China than in Ancient Rome, which was a much more structured society for women. Because marriages were arranged with family alliances in Han China, young men had as little say in the choice of their spouses as women. Young brides usually could rely on their powerful relatives to ensure that they were well treated in the new home.Widowed women were permitted to remarry, and all women participated in family ceremonies. Women of upper class families were often tutored in writing, the arts, and music. Although political positions were reserved for men, women could sometimes exert powerful influence from behind the throne.In Ancient Rome, on the other hand, the Roman law stipulated that the husband is the judge of his wife. If she commits a fault, he punishes her; if she has drunk wine, he condemns her; if she has been guilty of adultery, he kills her. If divorced because of adultery, a Roman woman would lose one-third of her property and had to wear a special garment that set her apart like a prostitute.As wives and mothers, many aristocratic Roman women wielded political power, but only through their husbands. Inequality between men and women increased in the empire’s final stages. Roman family structure was very patriarchal.There was much less lenience in the class structure of Han China than Ancient Rome. In Ancient Rome, there was class conflict between the growing  ranks of the poor and the Roman aristocracy. Some political leaders attempted to aggrandize their careers on the basis of this conflict.Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus, two tribunes, attempted to introduce land reform and other social legislation in favor of the poor between 133 B.C.E. and 123 B.C.E. Both were killed by aristocratic mandate. After 107 B.C.E., the Roman consul Marius began to use paid volunteers to staff his armies in place of conscripted Roman citizens.The creation of a permanent military force dedicated to its commander threatened the position of the Senate. A second commander, Sulla, drove out Marius and his political allies. A succession of military commanders dominated Roman politics thereafter. A civil war between two of them, Pompey and Julius Caesar, brought the republic to an end. After Caesar took over the government in 49 B.C.E., he introduced various reforms. The result was to destroy the political monopoly of the Roman aristocracy.Traditionalist senators plotted against Caesar and h ad him assassinated in 44 B.C.E. Caesar's death precipitated a civil war from which Caesar's adopted son, Octavian, emerged the victor. While maintaining the external appearance of the republic, Octavian created an imperial state. For his success, he was granted the name Augustus.The Han class systems were much different. In Han China, rebellion was almost nonexistent. Ordinary farmers held varying amounts of land, and those who worked on the land of others as tenants or did landless labor were even more miserable. Many peasants joined secret societies with colorful names. Merchant classes became wealthier and more numerous, but they found it incredibly difficult to translate their profits into political power or social status.However, even when people were unhappy, they did not complain. Status was often unchangeable, so unlike Ancient Rome, people did not and could not revolt. These great classical civilizations lend themselves to a variety of comparisons to other civilizations du ring the time.In particular, Confucianism of the Han Dynasty and Christianity of Ancient Roman have spread throughout the world. Because of the Roman Empire, Christianity has spread throughout Europe from Jerusalem to Mesopotamia. Today, it is most influential in North and South America and Europe.Because of the Han Dynasty, Confucianism and Confucian ideas have had an impact on Eastern Asia, especially Japan, Egypt, and Vietnam, and it has even influenced Taoism. Even though both Han China and Ancient Rome acquired  incredible religious systems, Ancient Rome’s social structure was far more controlling than Han China’s in regards to treatment of women and social status.

The Importance of Oil in U.S. Foreign Policy Essay

The Importance of Oil in U.S. Foreign Policy During the oil and energy crisis of the mid-1970s Americans became painfully aware of the consequences of the United States dependence on foreign sources of oil. Unfortunately, research and exploration for alternative sources of oil in North America has not been pursued vigorously enough to cease such foreign dependence. As a result, in the mid-1990s Americans find themselves in the same precarious position as they were during the 1970s. The Persian-Gulf War in 1991 was all the proof needed to convince the United States of how strongly oil still influences our foreign policy and international relations in general. Oil and U.S. Foreign Policy: Historical Issues The United†¦show more content†¦However, the issues surrounding oil did become more clearly defined. According to Beaver (1991), the availability and cost of conventional energy sources; national security concerns; the technical, legal, and economic uncertainties related to synthetic fuels; and the emergence of large oil companies as major forces in shaping energy policy. These issues that became salient in the 1920s remain relevant to the 1990s (Beaver, 1991, p. 241). Both the Wilson and Harding administrations took proactive foreign policy actions in order to ensure adequate supplies of oil for the booming economy. Both administrations assisted major U.S. companies in their attempts to secure foreign oil agreements. For example, the government tried to persuade Great Britain and the Netherlands to allow U.S. oil companies into the Middle East and Pacific regions where they controlled most of the oil reserves. The U.S. government hoped to gain an open door policy in oil exploration. However, U.S. diplomacy failed to secure this from either the British or the Dutch. 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